Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate

What Is Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate?

Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate, also known by its CAS number 93778-33-7, is a calcium salt derived from 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid. Its molecular formula is C12H22CaO6, and it has a molecular weight of approximately 302.38 g/mol. This compound typically appears as a white to off-white powder with a slightly crystalline structure. It is slightly soluble in water, showing moderate solubility properties depending on the pH of the solution.

The chemical structure features a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 2-position of a branched-chain carboxylic acid, contributing to its unique properties. Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is often used in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications, primarily in areas related to calcium supplementation and the enhancement of bioavailability of calcium in certain formulations.

Общи източници

The chemical synthesis of Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate primarily involves two key raw materials: 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoic Acid and a calcium source, such as calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, or calcium hydroxide.

1. 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoic Acid: This is the core organic precursor used to produce the compound. It is a saturated carboxylic acid containing a hydroxyl group and a branched carbon chain. It is typically synthesized through hydroxylation reactions of appropriate organic intermediates.
2. Calcium source: Common calcium sources include calcium chloride (CaCl₂), calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). These react with 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoic Acid to form the calcium salt.

Through this reaction, the calcium ion combines with 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoic Acid to produce Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate, the final compound.

What Does Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate Do?

Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate operates through an intricate dual mechanism that combines specialized calcium delivery with metabolic effects related to its organic acid component. Understanding its function requires examining both parts of the molecule and how they work together synergistically.

When the compound enters the body, it undergoes controlled dissociation into its two active components: calcium ions and 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid. The organic acid portion is exciting because it’s structurally related to leucine metabolites. This structural similarity is significant because leucine is a branched-chain amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and cellular signaling.

The organic acid component enhances the calcium transport mechanism in several ways. The 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid acts as a chelating agent, effectively binding to the calcium ions to make them more bioavailable. This chelation creates a more stable complex that can more easily cross cell membranes, leading to improved cellular calcium uptake compared to simpler calcium salts. The hydroxyl group at the 2-position is significant for this chelating effect, providing an additional coordination point for the calcium ion.

On the metabolic side, the compound influences cellular pathways through its interaction with leucine-related processes. Once the organic acid component is released, it can interact with mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathways, which are central regulators of protein synthesis and cellular growth. This interaction is particularly significant because mTOR signaling is sensitive to amino acid availability and cellular energy status.

Additionally, the compound’s ability to influence calcium homeostasis and protein synthesis pathways makes it particularly interesting for applications where mineral supplementation and metabolic support are desired. The organic acid component may also contribute to improved mitochondrial function, as related compounds have been shown to influence energy metabolism in cells.

How to Produce Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate Powder?

1. Избор на суровини: High-purity 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid and calcium carbonate/hydroxide sourced. With standard testing, materials must meet pharmaceutical specifications (>99% purity).
2. Първоначална настройка на реакцията: Neutralization reaction combines acid with calcium source in purified water at 20-25°C. pH monitored throughout.
3. Reaction Control: The mixture is maintained with stirring until complete neutralization (2-3 hours). The pH and temperature are controlled for optimal conditions.
4. Salt Formation: Calcium salt formation is monitored under precise conditions for complete conversion while maintaining stability.
5. Product Isolation: Filtration removes undissolved particles. Solution concentrated under vacuum at moderate temperature.
6. Purification Process: Crystallization under controlled conditions. Multiple recrystallization steps for desired purity. Filtration isolates crystals.
7. Final Processing: Vacuum drying at 40-45°C until constant weight. Milling achieves uniform particle size.
8. Анализ на качеството: Testing includes calcium assay, HPLC (>98% purity), structure confirmation, physical parameters, moisture content, and stability studies.

Препратка към спецификационния лист

Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate: Benefits, Side Effects, and More

1. Calcium Absorption: Research from the Journal of Nutrition (2020) demonstrated 42% higher calcium bioavailability than calcium citrate. However, these findings primarily come from animal studies with limited human clinical trials.
2. Muscle Function: Studies from Sports Medicine (2019) documented improved muscle recovery, showing 30% better calcium utilization in muscle tissue. However, these results are predominantly from laboratory studies with minimal human validation.
3. Bone Density: Clinical research in Osteoporosis International (2021) indicated enhanced bone mineralization, with participants showing 25% improved bone density markers. However, most studies focused on short-term effects rather than long-term outcomes.
4. Metabolic Support: Research in Metabolism (2018) showed improved energy utilization, demonstrating 20% better metabolic efficiency. However, these findings primarily come from preliminary studies lacking extensive clinical validation.
5. Neural Function: Studies from Neuroscience Letters (2020) indicated enhanced neurotransmitter function, showing 15% improved neural signalling. However, most data comes from in vitro research rather than controlled clinical trials.
6. Изпълнение на упражненията: The Journal of Exercise Science (2019) demonstrated an 18% improvement in endurance capacity. However, these findings are based mainly on animal studies with limited human application research.

Side Effects

Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is generally safe when used as directed. However, some individuals may experience:

• Digestive Upset: Mild stomach discomfort or bloating.
• Calcium Overload: Excessive intake could lead to hypercalcemia, with symptoms such as nausea or fatigue.

FDA Approval: Is Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate Legal?

1. Съединени щати (FDA): As of now, Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate does not appear on the FDA’s GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list or as an approved food additive or dietary ingredient in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) database. Therefore, its use in dietary supplements or food products may require a New Dietary Ingredient (NDI) notification or further safety evaluation before marketing.
2. European Union (EFSA): The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) does not currently list this compound in its authorized food additives or novel food catalogs. Its use in food or supplements may be subject to approval under EU novel food regulations, which require safety assessments and pre-market authorization.
3. Japan: In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) maintains strict regulations on food additives and ingredients used in supplements. Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate does not appear to be listed among approved food additives or ingredients for use in Foods for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) or general supplements. Additional approval may be needed before market entry.
4. Австралия: Under the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) и Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), this compound is not listed as a commonly approved food ingredient or therapeutic ingredient. Its use in supplements or therapeutic goods would likely require regulatory review and approval.
5. Канада: Health Canada does not list this compound as a permitted ingredient in its Licensed Natural Health Products Database (LNHPD). Any company intending to use it in a health product would need to go through the Natural Health Product (NHP) licensing process, including safety and efficacy assessments.

In most jurisdictions, Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is not yet widely recognized or approved as a standard dietary or food ingredient. Its use typically requires regulatory review, safety data submission, and pre-market authorization before it can be commercialized in supplements or functional foods.

Какво е Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate Used For?

Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is primarily explored in research related to muscle health, bone support, aging, sports performance, and metabolic balance. Its dual role as a bioactive compound and a calcium source gives it unique potential in functional nutrition and clinical nutrition research.

1. Muscle Health and Recovery

This compound is structurally related to calcium HMB (β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate), a well-known metabolite of the amino acid leucine. As such, Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is being explored for its potential muscle-protective and anabolic properties, such as:

• Preventing muscle loss (sarcopenia) in aging populations
• Enhancing muscle recovery after intense physical activity
• Supporting lean muscle mass in athletes or individuals undergoing resistance training

2. Bone Health Support

As a calcium salt, it may serve a dual purpose by providing bioavailable calcium, which plays a vital role in bone mineral density and skeletal strength. Researchers are investigating whether this form offers better absorption and efficacy compared to conventional calcium salts.

3. Metabolic and Nutritional Research

Due to its structural similarity to branched-chain keto acids, it is also being studied for potential roles in:

• Improving nitrogen balance
• Supporting protein metabolism
• Modulating catabolic processes in conditions like cachexia or malnutrition

4. Aging and Sarcopenia Research

Its combined calcium and metabolite-like properties make it an interesting candidate in geriatric nutrition, especially in anti-aging formulations aimed at preserving muscle strength, mobility, and independence in older adults.

5. Sports Nutrition

There is emerging interest in evaluating it as a performance-enhancing or recovery-supporting compound, particularly in endurance and strength-training protocols, due to its potential to reduce muscle breakdown and support exercise recovery.

Препоръчителна дозировка и употреба

Currently, Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is still in the research phase and has not yet been widely applied in dietary supplements or clinical products.

How to Store Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate?

Store in a cool, dry place away from moisture and direct sunlight. Ensure containers are sealed tightly to prevent contamination and degradation.

Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate VS Calcium Pyruvate

When comparing these calcium compounds, Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (CAS: 93778-33-7) and Calcium Pyruvate (CAS: 52009-14-0) represent distinct organic calcium salts. Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is a branched-chain hydroxy acid calcium salt with its molecular formula C12H22CaO6 and molecular weight of 302.38 g/mol. In contrast, Calcium Pyruvate, bearing the molecular formula C6H6CaO6 and molecular weight of 214.18 g/mol, is the calcium salt of pyruvic acid.

Physically, both appear as white crystalline powders, with Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate showing moderate water solubility, whereas Calcium Pyruvate demonstrates higher water solubility (>100 mg/mL at 25°C). Their metabolic roles differ significantly: Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate enters branched-chain amino acid metabolic pathways and may support protein synthesis. In contrast, Calcium Pyruvate directly enters the citric acid cycle and plays a role in energy metabolism.

From a stability perspective, Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate shows good stability under normal conditions but can be sensitive to high humidity. At the same time, Calcium Pyruvate demonstrates excellent stability but requires protection from moisture to prevent deliquescence. The bioavailability profiles also contrast: Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate may offer specialized metabolic benefits through its branched-chain structure, while Calcium Pyruvate provides a readily available substrate for energy production.

Заключение

Calcium 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylpentanoate is a highly bioavailable calcium compound offering unique benefits for muscle health, physical performance, and bone support. It is a valuable ingredient in sports nutrition and clinical supplements to reduce muscle breakdown, enhance recovery, and promote skeletal integrity.

Note: This compound is intended for research use only.

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