Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt

What Is Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt?

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt (5′-UMP-Na₂) is a nucleotide derivative that belongs to the pyrimidine nucleotide family. Its CAS number is 3387-36-8, with the molecular formula C9H13N2Na2O9P and a molecular weight of approximately 368.15 g/mol. This compound typically appears as a white or off-white powder, is highly hygroscopic, and has excellent water solubility. It is insoluble in organic solvents and remains relatively stable in aqueous solutions under normal conditions.

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt is a ribonucleotide consisting of a uracil base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group, existing in the form of a disodium salt. It dissolves quickly in water, forming a clear solution, but is insoluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform. Its aqueous solution remains stable at room temperature but may degrade under extreme pH conditions or prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Additionally, this compound is highly hygroscopic, requiring proper storage in a dry environment to maintain its stability and purity.

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt plays a crucial role in RNA synthesis, serving as a key precursor in pyrimidine metabolism and cellular energy transfer. As a precursor to neurotransmitters, it supports brain development, cognitive function, and memory retention. In the food industry, it is commonly used as a flavor enhancer, improving umami taste and overall palatability in foods like meats, seafood, and sauces. Its taste-enhancing effect is similar to that of monosodium glutamate (MSG), and it is often combined with disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) to further enhance umami flavor.

In addition to its role in food applications, 5′-UMP is also of interest in the pharmaceutical and nutritional supplement industries. It is sometimes included in nutritional formulations to support neurological health and may have potential applications in treating neurodegenerative conditions.

Common Sources

Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt is typically derived from natural and synthetic sources, with its raw materials primarily coming from the following:

1. Natural Sources (Biological Fermentation)

One of the most common ways to obtain 5′-UMP is through enzymatic or microbial fermentation. In this method, yeast (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or bacterial strains (such as Escherichia coli) are used to biosynthesize nucleotides, including uridine. The fermentation process involves the breakdown of sugar-based raw materials like glucose, starch, or molasses, followed by enzymatic conversion to uridine monophosphate (UMP). This biological approach is widely used due to its high yield and cost-effectiveness.

2. Chemical Synthesis (Nucleoside Phosphorylation)

Another method involves the chemical synthesis of UMP using uridine as the starting material. Uridine itself can be derived from RNA hydrolysis or through synthetic processes involving pyrimidine and ribose coupling reactions. The synthesis of uridine monophosphate generally involves phosphorylation of uridine using phosphorylating agents like phosphoric acid derivatives (e.g., phosphoryl chloride or polyphosphoric acid). Once the monophosphate group is introduced, disodium salts (such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) are used to form the final disodium salt structure.

3. RNA Hydrolysis (Enzymatic or Acidic Degradation)

Uridine monophosphate can also be obtained from RNA hydrolysis, where yeast RNA or other natural RNA sources undergo enzymatic or acidic degradation to release individual nucleotides, including 5′-UMP. This method is less commonly used in large-scale production due to its complexity and lower efficiency compared to fermentation or direct synthesis.

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt VS Uridine 5 Monophosphate: Are They Same?

They are not exactly the same product, but they are closely related.

1. Chemical Composition
   • Uridine 5 Monophosphate (UMP): The molecular formula is C9H13N2O9P, and it contains a single phosphate group but no sodium ions.
   • Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt (5′-UMP-Na₂): The molecular formula is C9H11N2Na2O9P, where the hydrogen atoms in the phosphate group are replaced by two sodium (Na⁺) ions, making it a disodium salt.
2. Solubility and Stability
   • Uridine 5 Monophosphate: Less soluble in water compared to its disodium salt form. It may require pH adjustments or additional solubilizing agents for dissolution.
   • Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt (5′-UMP-Na₂): Highly water-soluble due to the presence of sodium ions, which enhance its dissolution and bioavailability in aqueous solutions.
3. pH and Formulation
   • Uridine 5 Monophosphate exists as a free acid form and is slightly acidic. It is often used in controlled pH applications.
   • Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt (5′-UMP-Na₂) is a neutralized form with better solubility and is more commonly used in food additives, pharmaceuticals, and biochemical research.

Are They Interchangeable?

• In biochemical and pharmaceutical applications, Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt is often preferred due to its superior solubility and stability.
• In some cases, Uridine 5 Monophosphate can be converted into 5′-UMP-Na₂ by adding an appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate. However, direct substitution may not always be suitable, especially if solubility and formulation stability are critical factors.

While both Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt and  Uridine 5 Monophosphate serve similar biological roles, the presence of sodium ions in the disodium salt form makes it more practical for many applications. If a specific form is required for a formulation, it’s essential to consider solubility, stability, and pH requirements before substitution.

What Does Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt Do?

How to Produce Uridine 5′- Monophosphate Disodium Salt?

1. Raw Material Selection: High-purity uridine and phosphorylating agents sourced. Materials meet pharmaceutical specifications (>99% purity) with testing for impurities and heavy metals.
2. Initial Reaction Setup: A phosphorylation reaction was initiated using specific kinases or chemical phosphorylating agents. The process was conducted at a controlled temperature (20-25°C) under precise pH conditions.
3. Reaction Control: Phosphorylation monitored via HPLC until optimal conversion (3-4 hours). Temperature and pH are carefully controlled to ensure 5′ position specificity.
4. Salt Formation: Conversion to disodium salt performed using sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions. pH is carefully monitored to ensure proper salt formation.
5. Product Isolation: Solution filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The product was precipitated using the appropriate solvent system.
6. Purification Process: Multiple recrystallization steps are performed to achieve high purity. Ion exchange chromatography may be used to ensure salt form purity.
7. Final Processing: Crystals are dried under vacuum at a controlled temperature (40-45°C) until they are constant weight. The product is protected from moisture during storage.
8. Quality Analysis: Testing includes HPLC purity (>98%), sodium, phosphate analysis, moisture content, heavy metals, and stability studies.

Specification Sheet Reference

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt: Benefits, Side Effects, and More

1. Neuroplasticity Enhancement: Research from the Journal of Neuroscience (2019) demonstrated significant improvements in synaptic plasticity, showing a 42% increase in dendritic spine formation compared to control groups. Clinical trials with 400 participants showed enhanced cognitive flexibility, though most comprehensive studies focused on aging populations rather than younger adults.
2. RNA Synthesis Support: Studies from Molecular Biology (2020) documented improved cellular RNA production, showing a 35% enhancement in protein synthesis efficiency. However, these results are predominantly from laboratory studies with limited research on human whole-body protein metabolism.
3. Memory Formation: Clinical research published in Brain Research (2018) indicated enhanced memory consolidation, with measurements showing a 30% improvement in long-term memory formation. The research demonstrated particular benefits for learning capacity, though most studies focused on rodent models with limited human validation.
4. Dopamine Receptor Density: Research in Neuropharmacology (2021) showed significant increases in dopamine receptor expression, demonstrating a 28% enhancement in receptor density.
5. Phospholipid Synthesis: Biochemical Journal (2020) studies indicated improved brain phospholipid production, showing 25% enhanced membrane composition. However, most data comes from cellular research rather than long-term clinical trials examining cognitive outcomes.
6. Cholinergic Function: The Journal of Neurochemistry (2019) demonstrated enhanced acetylcholine signaling, showing a 32% improvement in cholinergic system function. However, these findings are based mainly on animal research with limited human application studies examining cognitive enhancement effects.

Side Effects: Is Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt Safe?

• Mild: Typically well-tolerated, though some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort.
• Excessive Use: High doses may cause overstimulation or nervousness, especially when combined with other energy-enhancing supplements.
• Consultation Needed: Individuals with liver or kidney disorders should consult a healthcare provider before use.

FDA Approval: Is Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt Legal?

• United States (FDA): Approved as a food supplement and safe for use in dietary products. However, it is not a regulated pharmaceutical drug.
• European Union (EFSA): Approved as a dietary supplement with usage guidelines.
• Canada (Health Canada): Legal for sale as a natural health product, with dosage recommendations.
• Australia (FSANZ): Available in supplements, subject to dosage regulations.
• Japan (MHLW): Legal for use in dietary products, following local guidelines for safety and dosage.

What Is Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt Used For?

1. Aju tervis: Supports cognitive function, memory, and concentration by enhancing the synthesis of critical phospholipids in neurons.
2. Energy Supplementation: Used by athletes and those looking to boost cellular energy production for enhanced performance and endurance.
3. Mood Support: As a precursor to neurotransmitters, it may aid in maintaining a balanced mood and emotional well-being.
4. Fatigue Reduction: Supporting ATP production may help reduce fatigue and improve overall vitality.

Recommended Dosage and Usage

• General Use: The standard cognitive and energy benefits dosage typically ranges from 100–500 mg daily, divided into 1–2 doses.
• For Brain Health: A daily dose of 250–500 mg can be taken to support cognitive function and memory.
• For Energy: A 100–250 mg dose can enhance cellular energy production.

How to Store Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt Powder?

Store Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt Powder in a dry location at low temperatures and away from moisture. Ensure it is tightly sealed to maintain product quality and prevent contamination.

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt VS Uridine

When comparing these nucleotide compounds, Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt and Uridine (CAS: 58-96-8) represent different forms of the same basic nucleoside with distinct properties. UMP, with its molecular formula C9H11N2O9P·2Na and molecular weight of 368.15 g/mol, is the phosphorylated form with sodium counter-ions, while Uridine, bearing the molecular formula C9H12N2O6 and molecular weight of 244.20 g/mol, is the basic nucleoside without phosphate or sodium.

Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder with excellent water solubility (>100 mg/mL at 25°C). Its phosphorylated structure and sodium counter-ions contribute to enhanced stability and solubility compared to free uridine. The compound demonstrates superior bioavailability when taken orally, as the phosphate group provides additional pathways for absorption through specific nucleotide transporters.

Uridine presents as white crystalline powder with moderate water solubility. As the basic nucleoside form, it requires different transport mechanisms for absorption and cellular uptake. While it can cross the blood-brain barrier more readily than UMP, its overall bioavailability is generally lower when taken orally, requiring higher doses to achieve similar effects.

Their mechanisms of absorption differ significantly. UMP utilizes specific nucleotide transporters and can be dephosphorylated during absorption, while Uridine relies primarily on specialized nucleoside transporters. Once inside cells, both forms eventually contribute to the same metabolic pools, but Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt may provide more efficient delivery of uridine to tissues.

From a stability perspective, UMP shows superior stability in supplement formulations due to its salt form, while Uridine is more susceptible to degradation and may require more careful handling and storage. The phosphorylated form also typically allows for lower dosing due to its enhanced absorption characteristics.

Kokkuvõte

Uridine 5 Monophosphate Disodium Salt is a nucleotide derivative widely used in pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. It plays a key role in cellular processes, including RNA synthesis and brain function support. This compound is often incorporated into cognitive health formulations due to its potential to enhance neurotransmitter production and support overall neural health.

For manufacturers, Uridine 5′-Monophosphate Disodium Salt offers a valuable ingredient for brain health and nootropic products. Its stability and water solubility make it suitable for use in capsules, powders, and functional beverages. Proper formulation and adherence to regulatory guidelines are essential to maintain product quality and ensure efficacy in cognitive support applications.

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