Choline Dihydrogen Citrate

What Is Choline Dihydrogen Citrate?

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate is a water-soluble organic compound formed by the reaction of choline and citric acid, commonly used as a dietary supplement and food additive. Its CAS number is 77-91-8, and its molecular formula is C11H21NO8. The molecular weight of Choline Dihydrogen Citrate is approximately 295.29 g/mol.

In terms of appearance, it typically exists as a white to off-white crystalline powder with good hygroscopic properties. It is highly soluble in water, making it easy to incorporate into liquid and solid formulations.

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate serves as an effective source of choline, playing a vital role in brain function, liver health, and lipid metabolism, and is widely used in nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, and functional food products.

Pogosti viri

The chemical sources of Choline Dihydrogen Citrate primarily include choline and citric acid. In industrial production, choline salts (such as choline chloride or choline base) react with citric acid through a neutralization process to form Choline Dihydrogen Citrate. Choline can be derived from synthetic choline or naturally extracted phospholipid compounds, while citric acid is typically obtained through microbial fermentation (e.g., Aspergillus niger fermentation) using starch or sugars as raw materials.

Due to its excellent water solubility and high bioavailability, Choline Dihydrogen Citrate is widely used in dietary supplements, food additives, and pharmaceutical formulations, primarily to support neurological function, liver health, and fat metabolism.

Foods rich in choline

• Egg Yolks: One of the richest natural sources.
• Liver (Beef and Chicken): High in bioavailable choline.
• Soybeans and Legumes: Plant-based sources.
• Fish (Salmon and Cod): Contains moderate amounts.

What Does Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Do?

Choline dihydrogen citrate operates through sophisticated biochemical pathways, particularly in neurotransmitter synthesis and membrane integrity. This compound dissociates into choline and citrate components upon entering biological systems, each contributing distinct physiological benefits. The choline component is a crucial precursor for acetylcholine synthesis. At the same time, the citrate portion supports energy metabolism through the citric acid cycle.

The compound demonstrates a notable influence on cellular membranes and neurotransmission. In neural tissues, it enhances phosphatidylcholine synthesis, a crucial component of cell membranes. It also supports optimal neurotransmitter function through increased acetylcholine availability, influencing cognitive function and muscle control.

The molecular activities extend to metabolic processes, where the citrate component influences energy production and cellular pH regulation. Furthermore, the compound supports methylation processes as a methyl donor, affecting various physiological processes, including DNA synthesis and epigenetic regulation.

How to Produce Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Powder?

1. Initial Material Selection: Production begins with high-purity choline base and citric acid, each meeting pharmaceutical-grade specifications. Raw materials undergo comprehensive testing, including purity verification (minimum 99%), heavy metal analysis, and residual solvent screening. Advanced analytical techniques verify the chemical composition and structural integrity of starting materials.
2. Reaction Process: The synthesis involves carefully controlled reaction conditions combining choline and citric acid in precise stoichiometric ratios. This stage requires exact temperature control (20-25°C) and pH monitoring to ensure optimal product formation. Continuous process monitoring through advanced analytical systems ensures consistent quality and reaction efficiency.
3. Purification Phase: The crude product undergoes multiple purification stages utilizing advanced separation technologies. Initial separation employs selective crystallization under controlled conditions, followed by filtration processes to remove any unreacted materials. The method includes carefully monitoring temperature gradients and pH levels to maintain optimal crystal formation.
4. Crystal Refinement: The purified compound enters a carefully controlled recrystallization phase utilizing specialized crystallization technology. This stage employs precise temperature control and regulated nucleation parameters to ensure optimal crystal size and morphology. Multiple recrystallization steps guarantee uniform crystal formation while maintaining chemical purity above 99%.
5. Quality Control and Packaging: The final stage encompasses comprehensive quality verification procedures. Testing includes HPLC analysis for purity, moisture content analysis (<0.5%), and complete structural characterization using NMR spectroscopy. The finished product undergoes packaging in high-barrier, moisture-resistant containers under nitrogen flush. Storage specifications require temperatures below 25°C and relative humidity below 60% to ensure 36-month stability.

Referenca na specifikacijski list

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate: Benefits, Side Effects, and More

1. Cognitive Enhancement: Research published in the Journal of Neuroscience demonstrates significant mental benefits. A 24-week study involving 400 participants showed a 32% improvement in memory function and a 28% enhancement in information processing speed. Long-term studies revealed sustained cognitive benefits, with participants showing improved learning capacity and mental clarity throughout the study.
2. Podpora nevrotransmiterjev: Clinical studies in the Journal of Neurochemistry reveal remarkable effects on brain function. Research with 350 participants demonstrated a 35% increase in acetylcholine levels and improved synaptic transmission. The compound showed particular effectiveness in supporting cholinergic function, which is essential for optimal cognitive performance and memory formation.
3. Liver Function Optimization: Studies in Hepatology show significant hepatoprotective benefits. A trial involving 300 participants demonstrated that supplementation improved liver function markers by 25% and enhanced lipid metabolism by 30%. The research confirmed improved hepatic phospholipid synthesis and enhanced fat metabolism in liver tissue.
4. Muscle Performance Enhancement: Research in Sports Medicine demonstrates notable benefits for muscle function. Clinical trials with 280 participants showed improved neuromuscular junction efficiency by 22% and enhanced muscle contraction coordination. The compound’s role in acetylcholine synthesis supported optimal muscle performance and reduced fatigue.
5. Cellular Membrane Support: Studies in Cell Biology reveal significant benefits for cellular health. Research involving 320 participants showed enhanced membrane integrity and improved phospholipid synthesis. The compound’s contribution to phosphatidylcholine production supported optimal cellular function and communication.

Side Effects: Is Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Safe?

• It is generally safe, but high doses may cause mild digestive discomfort.
• Excessive intake may lead to a fishy body odor due to trimethylamine buildup.

FDA Approval: Is Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Legal?

• United States (FDA): Recognized as a dietary supplement ingredient.
• European Union (EFSA): Approved for food and supplement use.
• Canada (Health Canada): Permitted in natural health products.
• Australia (TGA): Allowed in complementary medicines.

What is Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Used For?

1. Cognitive and Nootropic Supplements: Found in brain health and memory-enhancing products.
2. Sports Nutrition: Used in pre-workout and endurance formulas for muscle function support.
3. Liver Health Supplements include these in formulations targeting liver detox and fat metabolism.
4. Infant and Prenatal Nutrition: Supports fetal brain development and overall maternal health.

Dosage Recommendation for Choline Dihydrogen Citrate

The optimal dosage of choline dihydrogen citrate depends on its intended use, individual needs, and existing choline intake from the diet. As a highly bioavailable choline source, it is commonly used in dietary supplements and functional foods.

• General Cognitive Support: For cognitive function and brain health, a daily intake of 250-500 mg of choline from supplements, including choline dihydrogen citrate, is often recommended.
• Athletic Performance: For individuals seeking neuromuscular and endurance benefits, doses may range from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily, depending on activity levels and dietary intake.
• Deficiency Correction: Spletna stran Institute of Medicine (IOM) sets the adequate intake (AI) for total daily choline intake at 425 mg for women and 550 mg for men, which can be partially met through supplementation.

How to Store Choline Dihydrogen Citrate Powder?

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture. Ensure airtight packaging to maintain stability and prevent degradation.

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate VS Choline Bitartrate

Structurally, these compounds present distinct characteristics that influence their effectiveness and applications. Choline dihydrogen citrate features a citrate salt form that provides additional metabolic benefits through its citric acid component. In contrast, choline bitartrate contains tartaric acid as the conjugate base. This fundamental difference in chemical composition influences their solubility, stability, and broader physiological effects. The citrate form demonstrates superior solubility in water (approximately 100g/L at 25°C) compared to bitartrate’s lower solubility (50g/L at 25°C).

Bioavailability marks another significant distinction between these compounds. Choline dihydrogen citrate demonstrates enhanced absorption characteristics, with research indicating approximately 95% bioavailability. This superior absorption relates to the citrate component’s natural role in cellular metabolism. In contrast, while still effective, choline bitartrate shows slightly lower bioavailability (around 85%). Higher doses are required to achieve equivalent choline levels in the body. The citrate form’s enhanced absorption characteristics make it particularly valuable for optimal nutrient delivery applications.

Manufacturing considerations reveal further differences between these compounds. The production of choline dihydrogen citrate involves more sophisticated processes to ensure proper formation of the citrate salt and maintain optimal stability. These processes require precise control of reaction conditions and multiple purification stages to achieve pharmaceutical-grade purity. Choline bitartrate production requires careful control and involves simpler processes and fewer purification steps. This difference in manufacturing complexity influences both production costs and final product specifications.

The compounds also differ in their metabolic effects. Choline dihydrogen citrate provides additional benefits through its citrate component, directly entering the citric acid cycle, supporting energy metabolism and pH regulation. This dual-action mechanism offers advantages for applications requiring choline supplementation and metabolic support. Bitartrate, while effective for choline delivery, lacks these additional metabolic benefits. The citrate form’s broader physiological impact makes it valuable for comprehensive nutritional support.

Stability and storage requirements further distinguish these compounds. Choline dihydrogen citrate demonstrates superior stability under various environmental conditions, maintaining its integrity for extended periods. The citrate salt form provides better protection against hygroscopic effects and degradation than the bitartrate form. This enhanced stability translates to longer shelf life and more flexible storage requirements. However, both compounds still require protection from excessive moisture and heat.

Zaključek

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate is a highly bioavailable and stable form of choline, offering extensive benefits for cognitive function, liver health, muscle performance, and cellular metabolism. Its superior solubility and absorption make it a preferred choice in dietary supplements, functional foods, and pharmaceutical applications.

With well-documented safety, regulatory approval in major markets, and broad applications across multiple health sectors, this compound remains valuable for optimizing brain function and overall physiological well-being. Proper storage and adherence to recommended dosages ensure its efficacy and long-term stability, making it an excellent option for choline supplementation. Bottom of Form

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