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What Is L Glutathione?
L-Glutathione, commonly referred to as GSH, is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and L-glycine. It is a crucial antioxidant naturally found in cells, where it helps neutralize free radicals, detoxify harmful substances, and support immune function. Due to its strong reducing power, L-Glutathione plays a significant role in maintaining cellular health, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting liver detoxification.
The CAS number for L-Glutathione is 70-18-8, and its molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S. It has a molecular weight of approximately 307.32 g/mol.
In its pure form, L-Glutathione is typically a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is odorless and soluble in water, with good stability under dry conditions. However, it can be sensitive to light, heat, and oxidative environments, which may cause degradation. The compound has a slightly acidic taste and is often used in dietary supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
L-Glutathione exists in two main forms: reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The reduced form (L-Glutathione Reduced) is the biologically active and more commonly used version, known for its powerful antioxidant properties. The oxidized form (GSSG) results from the oxidation of GSH but can be converted back into its reduced state in the body.
This powerful antioxidant is widely used in anti-aging products, skin brightening formulations, immune support supplements, and detoxification therapies. It is also applied in food preservation, where it helps prevent oxidation and maintains the stability of certain ingredients.
Common Sources
L-Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and L-glycine. Its chemical sources mainly include the following raw materials:
1. L-Glutamic Acid
- A non-essential amino acid that serves as a key precursor in glutathione synthesis.
- It reacts with L-cysteine through an enzymatic process to form γ-glutamylcysteine, an intermediate in glutathione production.
2. L-Cysteine
- A sulfur-containing amino acid that provides the thiol (-SH) group, which gives glutathione its powerful antioxidant properties.
- This is often the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis.
3. L-Glycine
- The simplest amino acid that completes the tripeptide structure of glutathione.
- It binds to γ-glutamylcysteine to form the final L-Glutathione molecule.
L-Glutathione is primarily produced through microbial fermentation or chemical synthesis:
Microbial Fermentation (Biotechnological Process)
- Uses engineered bacterial or yeast strains, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), to produce glutathione.
- This method is preferred due to its high purity, bioavailability, and sustainability.
Chemical Synthesis
- Involves enzymatic or chemical reactions to link the three amino acids into the glutathione tripeptide.
- Used for large-scale production but may require purification steps to remove unwanted byproducts.
Foods rich in Glutathione
- Fruits and Vegetables: Rich sources include avocados, spinach, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts.
- Protein-Rich Foods: Eggs, poultry, fish, and lean meats provide essential amino acids (glutamate, cysteine, and glycine) for natural glutathione synthesis.
- Dairy Products: Milk and cheese produce glutathione by supplying amino acid precursors.
4 Forms Of L-Glutathione Powder
It is available in several forms, each with different absorption rates, stability, and regulatory approvals. Below are the most common and legally recognized forms used in dietary supplements, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics:
1. Reduced L-Glutathione (GSH) – Most Common & Biologically Active Form
- Legal Status: Approved for use in dietary supplements and functional foods in many countries (e.g., the U.S., EU, Japan).
- Properties:
- The most biologically active form of glutathione.
- A powerful antioxidant that supports detoxification, immune function, and cellular health.
- Available in capsules, powders, sublingual tablets, and IV injections.
2. S-Acetyl L-Glutathione – Best for Cellular Absorption & Stability
- Legal Status: Approved in the U.S. and EU as a dietary supplement ingredient.
- Properties:
- A modified, more stable form of glutathione with an acetyl group attached.
- Better cellular uptake than regular glutathione.
- More resistant to digestive breakdown.
3. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) – Precursor to Glutathione
- Legal Status:
- Approved as a prescription drug in some countries (e.g., the EU) for respiratory and liver conditions.
- Available as a dietary supplement in the U.S., but under FDA scrutiny.
- Properties:
- Boosts natural glutathione production in the body.
- Used for liver detox, immune support, and respiratory health.
- Found in capsule and powder forms.
4. Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG) – Less Common
- Legal Status: Approved but rarely used in dietary supplements.
- Properties:
- The inactive (oxidized) form of glutathione.
- The body must convert it back to GSH for biological activity.
What Does L-Glutathione Do?
L glutathione comprises three amino acids: glutamine, cysteine, and glycine. The body naturally produces L-glutathione, which is found in every cell. This versatile molecule is a cornerstone in maintaining cellular integrity and health and improves overall well-being, making it a known ingredient in dietary supplements.
The primary mechanism of action revolves around its potent antioxidant properties. It scavenges free radicals and ROS, effectively neutralizing and expelling them before they can cause damage to cellular structures. By donating an electron to unstable molecules, it helps maintain the delicate balance of oxidation and reduction within cells, a process crucial for proper cellular function. This antioxidant activity helps the cells fight oxidative stress and supports the regeneration of other antioxidants, creating a synergistic effect in the body’s defense against oxidative damage.
Another key mechanism is its role in the detoxification process. The molecule acts as a conjugating agent, binding to toxins and other harmful substances to facilitate their removal from the body. This process, known as glutathione conjugation, is critical in liver function, where it helps neutralize and eliminate various toxins, including heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental pollutants. Additionally, it supports the function of phase II detoxification enzymes, further enhancing the body’s ability to process and eliminate potentially harmful substances.
Glutathione powder also plays a significant role in supporting immune function. It helps activate and regulate various immune cells, including T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Maintaining optimal levels of L-glutathione allows the body to maintain an effective immune response against pathogens and other threats. Furthermore, glutathione’s antioxidant properties help protect immune cells from oxidative damage, ensuring they can function optimally in defending the body against infections and diseases.
How To Produce L Glutathione Powder?
- Raw material preparation: High-quality L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and glycine are sourced and purified to ensure product quality.
- Peptide bond formation: The amino acids combine to form the compound’s tripeptide structure through enzymatic processes or chemical synthesis.
- Oxidation control: Measures are taken to prevent cysteine oxidation, maintaining the reduced form of the compound.
- Purification: The synthesized product is purified using chromatography or filtration to remove unreacted amino acids and byproducts.
- Crystallization: The purified product solution is crystallized under controlled temperature and pH conditions.
- Filtration and drying: The glutathione crystals are separated and dried using gentle methods such as vacuum drying or lyophilization.
- Milling: The dried form is ground to achieve a consistent particle size, creating L-glutathione powder.
- Quality control: The powder undergoes tests to ensure purity, potency, and absence of contaminants.
- Packaging: The approved powder is packaged in appropriate containers, often with desiccants and under an inert atmosphere.
Specification Sheet Reference
Property | Details |
Type | Amino acid |
Appearance | Fine crystalline powder |
Purity | ≥ 99% |
CAS Number | 70-18-8 |
Molecular Formula | C10H17N3O6S |
Molecular Weight | 307.32 g/mol |
Solubility | Highly soluble in water |
Test Methods | HPLC, UV-VIS spectroscopy |
Certifications | ISO available. Please contact sales team for details. |
MOQs | 25kg |
Sample | Available (10-20g/bag) |
OEM Service | Available |
ODM Service | Available |
Private Label | Available |
Contract Manufacturing | Available |
L Glutathione: Benefits, Side Effects, and More
- Powerful Antioxidant: It is a potent antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress. A 2014 Journal of Cancer Science & Therapy study highlighted glutathione’s role in neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular components (Traverso et al., 2014).
- Detoxification Support: The amino acid aids in the body’s detoxification processes. A 2014 review in Nutrients emphasized glutathione’s importance in detoxifying various compounds, including heavy metals and xenobiotics (Pizzorno, 2014).
- Skin Health and Brightening: It has shown potential for skin brightening. A 2017 clinical trial published in Clinical, Cosmetic, and Investigational Dermatology reported that oral glutathione supplementation improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkles in female subjects (Weschawalit et al., 2017).
- Immune System Support: It enhances immune function. A 2013 study in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta found that glutathione enhances the function of T-cells, a critical component of the immune system (Ghezzi, 2013).
- Athletic Performance and Recovery: Some studies suggest glutathione may benefit athletic performance. A 2015 study in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition demonstrated that glutathione supplementation improved markers of fatigue and recovery in resistance-trained males (Aoi et al., 2015).
- General Health and Wellness: As a fundamental antioxidant, it supports overall health. A 2018 study in the Journal of the American Heart Association found that higher glutathione levels were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in a large cohort study (Shimizu et al., 2018).
Side Effects: Is Glutathione Safe?
- Mild digestive discomfort (e.g., bloating, nausea).
- Potential drug interactions (consult a healthcare professional).
FDA Approval: Is Glutathione Legal?
- United States (FDA): Recognized as a dietary supplement.
- European Union (EFSA): Approved in food and cosmetic applications.
- Canada (Health Canada): Permission for natural health products.
- Australia (TGA): Authorized for complementary medicines.
What Is L Glutathione Used For?
- Skincare Products – Used for skin brightening, reducing pigmentation, and anti-aging benefits.
- Detox Supplements – Supports liver detoxification and helps eliminate toxins from the body.
- Immune Support Supplements – Enhances immune function and protects cells from oxidative stress.
- Anti-Aging Products – Reduces wrinkles, fine lines, and signs of aging by combating free radicals.
- Sports Nutrition & Recovery – Aids muscle recovery, reduces inflammation, and fights fatigue.
- Liver Health Supplements – Protects liver cells and enhances detoxification processes.
- Cardiovascular Health Products – Supports heart health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Cognitive & Mental Health Supplements – Protects brain cells and supports cognitive function.
- General Wellness & Anti-Inflammatory Supplements – Promotes overall health, reduces inflammation, and improves cellular function.
Dosage Recommendations for L Glutathione
- General Antioxidant Support: 250-500 mg/day
- Skin Brightening: 500-1,000 mg/day (with Vitamin C for enhanced absorption)
- Liver Detoxification: 300-600 mg/day
How to Store L Glutathione Powder?
Store the powder in a location with low temperature and humidity. Using an air-sealed container will ensure its safety and longevity.
L Glutathione VS Reduced Glutathione
Generally, both two refer to the same compound, a tripeptide composed of glutamine, cysteine, and glycine. L-glutathione is typically manufactured as a white to off-white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C10H17N3O6S and a molecular weight of 307.32 g/mol. This form represents the biologically active state of glutathione in living organisms. Manufacturers should know that when sourcing or producing glutathione for supplements or research purposes, l-glutathione and reduced glutathione are interchangeable terms for the same molecule.
The significance of L-glutathione lies in its potent antioxidant properties and role in various physiological processes. Its mechanism of action involves neutralizing and expelling free radicals and ROS, acting as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes, and regenerating other antioxidants. These functions contribute to cellular protection against oxidative stress, support of immune function, involvement in detoxification processes, and participation in DNA synthesis and repair. L-glutathione also plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and enzyme function. Manufacturers developing products related to oxidative stress management or cellular health should consider the multifaceted role of l-glutathione in physiological processes.
The bioavailability of L-glutathione has been a topic of scientific investigation. While earlier studies questioned the efficacy of oral supplementation due to potential digestive degradation, recent research suggests that glutathione powder can be absorbed intact, particularly when utilizing advanced delivery methods. Manufacturers should note that glutathione is relatively stable in powder form but may oxidize when exposed to air or in solution. When formulating products containing l-glutathione powder, consideration should be given to stability, delivery method, and potential interactions with other ingredients. Manufacturers must be aware that while l-glutathione supplementation is an area of interest, the compound is also produced endogenously, and dietary factors can influence its levels. Product developers should consider these aspects when designing formulations or researching l-glutathione.
Property | Reduced L Glutathione (GSH) | L-Glutathione |
CAS Number | 70-18-8 | 70-18-8 |
Molecular Formula | C10H17N3O6S | C10H17N3O6S |
Molecular Weight | 307.32 g/mol | 307.32 g/mol |
Powder Color | White to off-white | White to off-white |
Appearance | Fine crystalline powder | Fine crystalline powder |
Solubility | Highly soluble in water | Highly soluble in water |
Stability | Less stable—easily oxidized to GSSG (oxidized form) | Stable under normal conditions but prone to oxidation |
Primary Function | Active antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and supports detoxification | General term referring to both reduced and oxidized forms |
Common Uses | Preferred in health supplements for antioxidant and cellular protection | Used in supplements and research for antioxidant support |
Mechanism of Action | Directly scavenges free radicals and protects cells from oxidative stress | May refer to either reduced (active) or oxidized (inactive) forms |
Bioavailability | Higher—readily absorbed and utilized by the body | Depends on the form (reduced is more bioavailable) |
Onset of Action | Fast—immediate antioxidant activity | Depends on the form (reduced is faster) |
Advantages | Active form, effective antioxidant, better absorption | Broad term encompassing both active and inactive states |
Disadvantages | Less stable—susceptible to oxidation if exposed to light/air | May require clarification on its chemical state (reduced or oxidized) |
Other Information | Biologically active and the most effective form for health applications | When “L-Glutathione” is mentioned, it usually refers to the reduced form unless specified |
Conclusion
L-glutathione is a widely utilized antioxidant in different health industries due to its powerful cellular protective properties. Its ability to neutralize and expel free radicals, support detoxification, and maintain cellular function makes it a viable ingredient and option in various health and wellness products. It is available in natural and synthetic forms, including glutathione powder, offering manufacturers flexibility in formulation and delivery methods.
For manufacturers, it presents a versatile and essential component for products targeting oxidative stress, skin health, and immune support. Its proven safety profile and broad functionality make it suitable for dietary supplements, skincare formulations, and pharmaceutical applications. Ensuring proper dosage, formulation accuracy, and compliance with regulatory standards is crucial to maintaining product efficacy and consumer safety.
About Nutri Avenue
Nutri Avenue is a dynamic and FDA-registered supplier specializing in raw materials for high-quality dietary supplements, including the popular antioxidant L glutathione. We cater to manufacturers, contract producers, and private labelers worldwide seeking premium ingredients like L glutathione. With a robust presence in the industry, Nutri Avenue is not just a supplier; it is a trusted partner that offers an expansive inventory of thousands of raw material products. What sets Nutri Avenue apart is its ability to provide bulk L glutathione powder at wholesale prices, paired with bulk packaging options designed for efficiency.
With five strategically located inventories across the United States, Nutri Avenue ensures quick and reliable access to raw materials, no matter where you are located. We are committed to ensuring quality, which is reinforced by complete third-party testing, certifications, and reports, offering customers peace of mind when purchasing L-glutathione and other supplement ingredients. Nutri Avenue’s long-term partnerships with major factories further enhance its supply chain, ensuring a stable and ample source and other materials for any production scale.
In addition to raw material procurement, Nutri Avenue goes the extra mile by offering comprehensive OEM and ODM services, making it the go-to partner for manufacturers. Whether you need capsules, soft gels, tablets, or powders, Nutri Avenue has the flexibility to meet your specific requirements. Moreover, with multiple transportation options — sea, land, or air — Nutri Avenue guarantees timely and efficient delivery tailored to your logistics needs.
With an extensive target market spanning North America, Europe, and South America, Nutri Avenue proudly serves countries including Mexico, Poland, Hungary, France, the UK, Brazil, Argentina, and many more, supplying high-quality L-glutathione globally. Combining innovation, reliability, and a customer-first approach, Nutri Avenue remains the preferred choice for supplement manufacturers of all sizes seeking a trusted and versatile raw material supplier, especially for those looking to incorporate this amino acid into the product lines.
* All products from Nutri Avenue can provide ISO certificates.
FAQs
The “L” in L-glutathione refers to the specific form of the amino acid cysteine in the glutathione molecule.
Yes, glutathione and L-glutathione are the same thing.
Glutathione reduced and L-glutathione refer to the same compound, indicating the active and natural form of glutathione.
L-glutathione is a naturally occurring compound found in the body.
The FDA does not approve individual ingredients like L-glutathione, but it does regulate its use in certain medical treatments.
